Formula & sources
Water to carry between refills = observed drinking rate × hours + reserve. Segments stay together until a confirmed refill stop. Use the highest amount needed between stops to size your bottles. With no confirmed refills, add the route times and one reserve. Divide by bottle volume and round up to a whole bottle. The reserve is your input, not a fixed veterinary allowance.
- Cornell: Summer Heat Safety Tips for DogsHeat-safety context; does not supply a universal hiking drinking rate.
- NIST: SI Appendix B.8 Conversion FactorsUS volume and weight conversions.
Reference values & examples
- Rate example
- 600 mL over 2 hours = 300 mL/h
- Route example
- 2-hour and 3-hour stretches
- Reserve example
- 300 mL per stretch
- Bottle example
- 500 mL
- Water weight
- 1 L ≈ 1 kg
At an observed 250–350 mL/hour, two segments of 2 and 3 hours with a confirmed refill and a 300 mL reserve per segment need a maximum budget of 1,350 mL. That fits in three 500 mL bottles, weighing 1.5 kg when full, excluding the bottles.
Common questions
Which drinking rate should I use for a hike?
Use actual drinking divided by observation hours on a comparable outing, or enter an observed rate range. A daily average divided by 24 does not predict heat or exercise needs.
What if a planned refill is uncertain?
Leave the stop unconfirmed. The calculator will combine the travel time on either side, so you carry water past that stop. Use the no-refill comparison to see how much capacity the whole route needs without a refill.
How many 500 mL bottles hold a 1.35 L budget?
Three bottles provide 1.5 L capacity. Full bottles contain about 1.5 kg of water plus bottle weight. Capacity alone does not establish a safe water supply.